In a small study published in the European Journal of Nutrition in 2020, researchers examined the effects of several food additives, including titanium dioxide, along with artificial sweeteners and cleaning products by testing the fecal samples of 13 people. Titanium dioxide was among the samples that “induced significant shifts in microbiome community structure.” The growth of the bacterium species belonging to C. leptum, which has been shown to decrease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, “significantly decreased in the presence of … titanium dioxide” among other additives and sweeteners tested.

Lithopone is a white pigment composed of a mixture of barium sulfate (BaSO4) and zinc sulfide (ZnS). It is commonly used in the production of paints, plastics, rubber, and various other industrial applications. As such, manufacturers and distributors often provide Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) to ensure the safe handling and use of the product.
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There are two primary forms of titanium dioxide commercially available: anatase and rutile. The rutile form is typically used in sunscreens due to its superior ability to handle UV rays and stability in the presence of UV light. The anatase form is typically used in other types of products, such as paint. Another plus of the rutile form is that its UVA protection extends past 400 nanometers, which is the upper limit of UVA.
Cosmetics
In a study published in 2022 in the journal Particle and Fibre Technology, researchers examined the impact of maternal exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in newborn offspring mice. They found that “a chronic exposure to TiO2 NPs during pregnancy alters the respiratory activity of offspring, characterized by an abnormally elevated rate of breathing.” Breathing was also shown to be “significantly and abnormally accelerated,” and the ability for neural circuitry to effectively adjust breathing rates was impaired. The researchers concluded: “Our findings thus demonstrate that a maternal exposure to TiO2 NPs during pregnancy affects the normal development and operation of the respiratory centers in progeny.”

Lithopone 30% is the perfect solution for partial substitution of TiO2 in fillers due to its very soft nature and hardly any shrinkage properties.
In terms of manufacturers, there are many companies that produce calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide. Some of the top manufacturers of calcium carbonate include Omya, Imerys, and Minerals Technologies. These companies have large mining operations and production facilities in regions where calcium carbonate is abundant.
calcium carbonate vs titanium dioxide manufacturers

It’s produced through the sulfate or chloride process, which both involve treating titanium ore with sulfuric or hydrochloric acid to produce titanium sulfate or titanium chloride. These materials are then further processed to remove impurities and produce titanium dioxide in its final form.
3. What is EFSA saying in its 2021 opinion on the safety of titanium dioxide as a food additive?
In addition to hiding power, titanium dioxide also plays a vital role in enhancing the durability of paints. It acts as a barrier, protecting the walls from external elements such as UV radiation, moisture and pollutants. Titanium dioxide's high refractive index allows it to reflect harmful UV rays, preventing them from fading paint and retaining its vibrant colors for a long time. This UV resistance is especially important for facades that are exposed to sunlight throughout the day.